how did alexander graham bell invent the telephone

Alexander Graham Bell, (born March 3, 1847, Edinburgh, Scotlanddied August 2, 1922, Beinn Bhreagh, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada), Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and teacher of the deaf whose foremost accomplishments were the invention of the telephone (1876) and the refinement of the phonograph (1886). Glad did I live and gladly die Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability, and steering, along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. [160], Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. It took 18 years and over 550 court cases, but Alexander Graham Bell won every battle. What year was Alexander Graham Bell the inventor of the telephone? [116][117] By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. [222] Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world. Bell typically signed his name in full on his correspondence. "[180], Historians have noted that Bell explicitly opposed laws regulating marriage, and never mentioned sterilization in any of his writings. His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. Example of phone Bell used for demonstration (1877 - 1888)National Museums Scotland. Alexander Graham Bell had pioneered a system called visible speech, developed by his father, to teach deaf children. Known as the father of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell's invention historically changed how people communicated. [93], The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. First Public Trip of Heavier-than-air Car in America. When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" While recovering, he discovered his wife had sold everything in his lab for $6. Over the course of more than 30 years, Bell sought to produce a breed of sheep with multiple nipples that would bear twins. From his laboratory in Boston, Bell applied his knowledge of phonetics to create a harmonic telegraph. He wanted to make a telegraph that could send several different notes simultaneously on the same wire. [citation needed], Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. It is most likely that both Bell and Gray independently devised their telephone designs as an outgrowth of their work on harmonic telegraphy. [52][N 8] He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. [29][failed verification], His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. [19], As a child, Bell displayed a curiosity about his world; he gathered botanical specimens and ran experiments at an early age. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. 1876 1876 In the 1870s, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically. Alexander Graham Bell, (born March 3, 1847, Edinburgh, Scotlanddied August 2, 1922, Beinn Bhreagh, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada), Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and teacher of the deaf whose foremost accomplishments were the invention of the telephone (1876) and the refinement of the phonograph (1886). June 3, 1880. At the age of eleven he chose to add the middle name. Under a wide and starry sky, Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,[42][N 6] conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp),[43] and join his father and mother in setting out for the "New World". Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic Society[11] and its magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898, until 1903. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. The story of the telephone begins with Alexander Graham Bell's terrier. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas. [13] The family home was at South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Bell's birthplace. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Birth City: Chelsea. [189] He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren. [21] Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he revelled in mimicry and "voice tricks" akin to ventriloquism that continually entertained family guests during their occasional visits. It was a bright twang, and it sounded the same on the receiver as when Watson plucked it. An obstacle Alexander Graham Bell faced was that others claimed they had invented the telephone or had the idea before Bell. [189][190], On learning of Bell's death, the Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King, cabled Mrs. Bell, saying:[189]. [57] He was subsequently asked to repeat the programme at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts. 2 The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family with a call between the Bell Homestead and the office of the Dominion Telegraph Company in Brantford along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. Hello didn't become "hi" until the telephone arrived. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. One of the first telephones in a private residence was installed in his palace in Petrpolis, his summer retreat forty miles (sixty-four kilometres) from Rio de Janeiro.[109]. The transmitter comprised three partsa drumlike device (a cylinder with a covered end), a needle, and a battery. This kind of intellectual curiosity foreshadowed Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention in 1876, among many others. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. But it wasnt until the electric telegraph came about in the 1840s that the foundations of modern communication were laid. [47] The Bell family soon purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (4.2ha) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. Mabel had become deaf at age five as a result of a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever. Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Bell's success was due to his sound experiments, as well as his family's desire to assist the deaf in communicating. Inspired to Invent Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1847. Bell also kept a proud eye on the progress of his invention. Bell decided that a promising approach was to use an induction balance, a by-product of his research on canceling out electrical interference on telephone wires. Tel. The first patent for such a device was his, but the . What did Alexander Graham Bell invent other than the telephone? [160] Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus. [107][108], The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. However, there was no way to transmit a person's voice through a telegram. In November 1920, Bell returned to Edinburgh for a visit. [197] During his life, he also received dozens of major awards, medals, and other tributes. On 11 August 1877, Bell and his wife Mabel arrived in Britain from the USA on honeymoon. But his work on the harmonic telegraph was hugely influential in his quest to transmit the human voice itself. But Thomas Alva Edison coined the greeting. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money. At the end of July, he began searching for Garfields bullet, but to no avail. He said, "Mr. Watson, come here I want to see you" and Watson soon appeared at his side. Bell understood that if sound could be transmitted as an electrical current, it would be possible for a receiver to interpret those vibrations. Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll,[221] and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). On that same day a few hours later or was it a few hours earlier? In 1906, Davenport, who was also the founder of the American Breeder's Association, approached Bell about joining a new committee on eugenics chaired by David Starr Jordan. Bell would later write that he had come to Canada a "dying man". His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist (1860),[21] which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 700 feet (213m) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.[153][154][155][156]. [citation needed], Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. [169] On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America. In June he demonstrated his telephone to the judges of the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, a test witnessed by Brazils Emperor Pedro II and the celebrated Scottish physicist Sir William Thomson. [63] In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".[64][65]. Under the direction of the Boston architects. Among the major sites are: In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 French francs (approximately US$290,000 in today's dollars[202]) for the invention of the telephone from the French government. He was the inventor of the hydrofoil boat, a man-carrying kite, the aileron, a moveable part of an airplane wing that helps control rolling, and the landing/take-off airplane tricycle gear. The story of Alexander Graham Bell and Canada's greatest invention is told in one teen pop song. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil learn to speak clearly and with conviction, the attributes that his pupil would need to become a teacher himself. At an early age, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, which he left at the age of 15, having completed only the first four forms. He had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, including the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.[198]. Alexander Graham Bell, (born March 3, 1847, Edinburgh, Scotlanddied August 2, 1922, Beinn Bhreagh, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada), Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and teacher of the deaf whose foremost accomplishments were the invention of the telephone (1876) and the refinement of the phonograph . Alexander Graham Bell was particularly interested in developing technology to assist the deaf community. Bell travelled the country promoting his invention, even demonstrating the device to Queen Victoria, who was so amused she asked to keep the temporary installation in place. [121] However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2002, stated that Meucci's "work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged". From harmonic telegraphs transmitting musical tones, it was a short conceptual step for both Bell and Gray to transmit the human voice. Alexander Graham Bell Invented the Photophone. Through vibrations, sound was transferred. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (18451870) and Edward Charles Bell (18481867), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. The world is aware of the fact that Bell invented the telephone. [175] This interest in animal breeding caught the attention of scientists focused on the study of heredity and genetics in humans. In the bedroom, his assistant Watson waited with a reed receiver pressed against his ear. A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers, and other documents reside in both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers),[197] and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing. [111] Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court,[112] but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent[113][114] and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Likewise, hashtags derive a kind of new road map of ideas and subjects, just like those early telegraph wires upon which the inventor of the telephone placed his first calls. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":[191]. The pair demonstrated the probe in the autumn of 1881. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".[214]. [22] He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother's forehead wherein she would hear him with reasonable clarity. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884 and served as its president from 1891 to 1892. So before the genius idea for Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention came along, he first set out to improve upon the telegraph. Alexander Graham Bell ( / re.m /, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) [4] was a Scottish-born [N 1] inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. [100], Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000, equal to $2,544,688 today. This effect was of great importance to Alexander Graham Bells telephone idea. Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. At a speech given to pupils at the citys Royal High School, where he had been a student 60 years before, he imagined that this young generation might live to see a time when someone in any part of the world would be able to telephone to any other part of the world without any wires at all. But his knowledge of sound and the human voice gave him a unique perspective as an inventor. Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention changed the way the world communicates. [25] His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lacklustre grades. Building on his fathers earlier work on the human voice, Bell moved to the United States in 1871 and started teaching deaf students in Boston. When Bell was just a teenager, he and his brother invented a speaking machine that could mimic the voice of a baby saying mama. They studied their fathers anatomy books and recreated the elements of a human mouth and vocal cords. At Boston University, Bell was "swept up" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. Travelling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. In our version of the story, Bell only sees the fun advantag. Bell was inspired in part by Australian aeronautical engineer, "Selfridge Aerodrome Sails Steadily for 319 feet (97m). Before Bell's invention, the fastest method to send a message was by using the Morse code through telegraph lines. Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. Best Known For: Lewis Howard Latimer was an inventor . [79], In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become "the nervous system of commerce". The first patent for such a device was his, but the . They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive, and other magnetic media. [157] The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Bell was thrilled at his recognition by the Six Nations Reserve and throughout his life would launch into a Mohawk war dance when he was excited. The needle was connected by wire to the battery, and the battery was connected by wire to a receiver. Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist and inventor best known for inventing the first working telephone in . The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." On March 10th, 1876, his invention worked: the first telephone! Illustration of Bell's equipment used (1877)National Museums Scotland. [16][N 4] For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name "Graham", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a Canadian being treated by his father who had become a family friend. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. The telegraph was one of the most important inventions of its time. [94], On March 10, 1876, Bell used "the instrument" in Boston to call Thomas Watson who was in another room but out of earshot. When Bell spoke the sentence "Mr. WatsonCome hereI want to see you" into the liquid transmitter,[87] Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly. Bell colluded with The USA Patent Office agent to steal the device and designs from their rightful owner, an Italian inventor name Antonio Meu. Best of Philly. In the 1830s he moved to Cuba and, while working on methods to treat illnesses with electric shocks, found that sounds could travel by electrical impulses through copper wire. In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk. Bells proximity to the hearing impaired informed his work in sound science. The origin of this effort was the shooting of U.S. President James A. Garfield in July 1881. [54] He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance. Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, Trouve. After the hard work of Bell and his team, the first message of Alexander Graham Bell was delivered to his assistant Mr. Watson. [126][N 16], The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. It was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. [211] The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness. Sound and speech were part of Bells life from a young age. The Alexander and Mabel Bell Legacy Foundation (AMBLF) is an IRS-designated 501(c)(3) nonprofit, charitable organization number 47-1030298. The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. [27] At the age of 16, Bell secured a position as a "pupil-teacher" of elocution and music, in Weston House Academy at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Throughout his life, Bell sought to foster the advance of scientific knowledge. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. Author of. He was able to demonstrate that the photophone was technologically feasible, but it did not develop into a commercially viable product. In 1907 Bell founded the Aerial Experiment Association, which made significant progress in aircraft design and control and contributed to the career of pioneer aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss. On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (18571923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At age 19, Bell wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father. Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector through the use of an induction balance, after the shooting of U.S. President James A. Garfield in 1881. [24], As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. His first two pupils were deaf-mute girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. On 14 February 1876, sensing the danger of rival developments for this valuable invention, Bells future father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, filed a patent application for Improvements in Telegraphy. The transmitter comprised three partsa drumlike device (a cylinder with a covered end), a needle, and a battery. [N 24] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. Although his invention rendered him independently wealthy, he sold off most of his stock holdings in the company early and did not profit as much as he might have had he retained his shares. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a "working holiday". Alexander Graham Bell (/re.m/, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 August 2, 1922)[4] was a Scottish-born[N 1] inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. [166], Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. And in 1891-92, he served as AIEE president. Steve Jobs, left, and Alexander Graham Bell. Alexander Graham Bell Was a Prolific Inventor From a young age, Alexander Graham Bell showed a keen interest in the science of sound and how it could be used for communication. He also developed medical technology. The covered end of the drumlike device was attached to the needle. Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. A bullet lodged in the presidents back, and doctors were unable to locate it through physical probing. The queen considered the process to be "quite extraordinary" although the sound was "rather faint". Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Many of the lawsuits became rancorous, with Elisha Gray becoming particularly bitter over Bell's ascendancy in the telephone debate, but Bell refused to launch a countersuit for libel. Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. [182], In 1921, a Second International Congress of Eugenics was held in New York at the Museum of Natural History and chaired by Davenport. During their telegraphy experimentation, they had a breakthrough. The harmonic telegraph served as the basis for the modern telephone. Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him. The Scottish-born Bell worked in London with his father,. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. [92], The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. The Bell Company became one of the most successful corporations of its time and eventually brought the telephone to almost every household in the United States. If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!

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