public broadcasting in the united states quizletpublic broadcasting in the united states quizlet

Tobacco and Alcohol Advertising These reports must be filed electronically with the FCC annually and placed in each stations online public inspection file, which can be viewed on the FCCs website at https://publicfiles.fcc.gov. Contents of the File The Food and Drug Administration has primary responsibility for the safety of food and drug products. To ensure that parents and other interested parties are informed of the educational and informational childrens programming their area stations offer, commercial television licensees must identify each program specifically designed to educate and inform children by displaying the icon E/I throughout the program. This policy does not apply to: 1) third-party sites linked from the companys web pages; 2) on-air third-party advertisements with website references to third-party websites; or 3) pages that are primarily devoted to multiple characters from multiple programs. Federal law prohibits the airing of advertising for cigarettes, little cigars, smokeless tobacco, and chewing tobacco on radio, TV, or any other medium of electronic communication under the FCC's jurisdiction. Some program guides may use the symbol (D) to indicate that the program is audio described. In 2020, 927 stations were airing programming from PRX, roughly the same as in 2019. Access to Emergency Information Federal law prohibits the broadcast of advertisements for a lottery or information concerning a lottery. Until the fall of 1948, regularly scheduled programming on the four networksthe American Broadcasting Company (ABC), the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS; later CBS Corporation ), the National Broadcasting Co. (NBC), and the DuMont Television Network, which folded in 1955was scarce. News Distortion In the United States, there are three major traditional commercial broadcast television networks NBC (the National Broadcasting Company), CBS (formerly the Columbia Broadcasting System), and ABC (the American Broadcasting Company) that due to their longevity and ratings success are referred to as the "Big Three."They dominated American television until the 1990s (especially during the . In response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the Supreme Court. In the case of advertisements for commercial products or services, it is sufficient for a station to announce the sponsor's corporate or trade name, or the name of the sponsor's product (where it is clear that the mention of the product constitutes a sponsorship identification). False or Misleading Advertising Public Broadcasting Flashcards | Quizlet The "peculiar institution" was a phrase used by southerners describe What was the result of the Compromise of 1877? Some of the funding comes from community support to hundreds of public radio and public television stations, each of which is an individual entity licensed to one of several different non-profit organizations, municipal or state governments, or universities. Of particular concern would be evidence of the direction to employees from station management to falsify the news. We also do not review anyones qualifications to gather, edit, announce, or comment on the news. However, that notification is not necessary when the other party knows that the conversation will be broadcast or this knowledge can be reasonably presumed, such as when the party is associated with the station (for example, as an employee or part-time reporter) or originates the call during a program during which the station customarily broadcasts the calls. They also decide how their programs will be structured and whether to edit or reschedule material for broadcasting. Indecent material is protected by the First Amendment, so its broadcast cannot constitutionally be prohibited at all times. These transmissions were initially by radio hobbyists fascinated with the technology. As discussed further in this Manual, broadcast licensees must periodically make available detailed information about the programming they air to meet the needs and problems of their communities, which can be found in each stations public file. Comprehensive studies by the Government Accountability Office and other organizations have concluded that private financing would not be universally available to public television and radio stations in less densely populated areas to sufficiently replace taxpayer funding that makes up 40% to 50% of the annual budgets of some stations, and ensure universal access to public broadcasting services. In international affairs, conservation has come to mean support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power. Access to Emergency Information. Networks, broadcasters, and subscription TV systems may provide information about the availability of programs with audio description through their websites and in program guides. Because the Commission cannot dictate to licensees what programming they air, each individual radio and TV station licensee generally has discretion to select what its station broadcasts and to otherwise determine how it can best serve its community of license. Again, please note that a complaint submitted through the File a Consumer Complaint link on the FCCs website will NOT be treated as a petition to deny or informal objection against a stations pending application. Radio: The Internet of the 1930s | APM Reports Washington, D.C. 20554 The file must also include the reconciliation of the deal such as a description of when advertising actually aired, advertising preempted, and the timing of any make-goods of preempted time, as well as credits or rebates given to the advertiser. contract clauses added by the seller of a home that required the buyer to agree never to sell the home to any non-Caucasian. The FCC also requires television stations to make the local emergency information that they provide to viewers accessible to persons with disabilities. Houston's KUHT was the nation's first public television station, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953 from the campus of the University of Houston. The request and disposition must be placed in the file as soon as possible, which the Commission has determined is immediately absent extraordinary circumstances. Rather, a petition to deny or informal objection against a stations license renewal application must either be filed electronically in the FCCs electronic database for that application, or by mail. The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations. Some stations also derive a portion of their funding from federal, state and local governments and government-funded colleges and universities, in addition to receiving free use of the public radio spectrum. Lowest Unit Charge Digital subscription models in which people pay to access news content has proven to be a profitable approach for many elite, national newspapers but not for smaller or mid-sized local newspapers. To assist us in this evaluative process, a station licensee must file a renewal application (FCC Form 303-S), to tell us whether: Digital Television. Noncommercial stations are not entitled to compensation in return for carriage on a cable or satellite system, but they may request mandatory carriage on the system. PBS also provides a base prime time programming schedule, featuring a mix of documentaries, arts and how-to programming, and scripted dramas. Facts of the case. For additional information about digital radio, see https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/digital-radio. This act provided basic assumptions that have continued to underpin broadcasting policy in the United States to this day. All television sets with screens 13 inches or larger manufactured since mid-1993, including digital sets, have built-in decoder circuitry. Individuals and groups can often resolve problems with stations at the local level. Applications to Build New Stations: Length of the License Period. The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established the "separate but equal" rule. The Childrens Television Act of 1990 (CTA) imposes two requirements on television broadcasters relating to children's video programming: Commercial Limits. While program and production expenses comprise only a portion of overall station expenses, an increase in these kinds of expenditures indicates that the stations are directing more dollars toward the creation of news content. At the close of this period, the licensee must renew its stations license. Rules For many stations, these records are maintained in a public insprction file that must contain documents relevant to the station's operation and dealings with the community and the FCC. The Public and Broadcasting Manual Children's Television Programming Reports Citizen Agreements Political File Material Relating to an FCC Investigation or Complaint Issues/Programs Lists Donor Lists for Non-Commercial Educational Channels ("NCEs") Records Concerning Children's Programming Commercial Limits Local Public Notice Announcements Women were guaranteed the right to vote with the passage of the ______ Amendment in 1920. As required by the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, the FCC has adopted rules to require some, but not all, television programs to include audio description. Comments/Complaints to FCCBroadcast Information Specialists. Silhouette images from motion picture films were broadcast to the general public on a regular basis, at a resolution of just 48 lines. (Traditional radio listening is terrestrial, i.e., coming from radio broadcast towers rather than satellites or the internet.) public broadcasting in the united states quizlet All Class A television stations began operating digitally in 2015. Login . PBS provides its member stations with programming in cultural, educational, and scientific areas, in children's fare, and in news and public affairs but does not itself produce programs; the programs are produced by the member stations, independent producers, and other program producers worldwide. We encourage a continuing dialogue between broadcasters and the public to ensure stations meet their obligations and remain responsive to the needs of the local community. Please include your name and address if you would like information on the final disposition of your complaint; you may request confidentiality. Broadcast licenses generally expire on a staggered basis, by state, with most radio licenses expiring between October 1, 2019, and August 1, 2022, and most television licenses expiring between October 1, 2020, and August 1, 2023, one year after the radio licenses in the same state. The Communications Act and the Commissions rules require television station licensees to broadcast certain information that makes viewing more accessible to people with disabilities. Unlike the mandatory digital transition deadline for television stations, radio stations can continue to operate in analog and have discretion whether also to transmit in digital and, if so, when to begin operating digitally. Criticism, Ridicule, and Humor Concerning Individuals, Groups, and Institutions. PRX was down 10%, falling to about $37.6 million in total revenue for 2020. Sources of funding also include on-air and online pledge drives and the sale of underwriting "spots" (typically running 1530 seconds) to sponsors. To do this, each non-exempt station licensee must identify the needs and problems and then specifically treat these local matters in the news, public affairs, political and other programming that it airs. After World War II, which government institution first began drawing attention to the problem of racism in America? (Since the amount of the check to replenish the fund plus the balance in the fund do not equal $800\$800$800, record the discrepancy in the cash short and over account.). Some of the larger operations split off these formats into separate stations or networks. The Communications Act. On the television side, NewsHour derives its revenue from a variety of sources, including PBS, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and a mix of nonpublic streams such as corporations, individual giving and foundations. Rates charged for broadcast time are matters for private negotiation between sponsors and stations. Total revenue for NPR and PRX NPR PRX Chart Data Share Embed Renewal Applications. The U.S. public broadcasting system differs from such systems in other countries, in that the principal public television and radio broadcasters the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR), respectively operate as technically separate entities. Except as required by the Communications Act, including the use of stations by candidates for public office, licensees have no obligation to allow any particular person or group to participate in a broadcast or to present that person or groups remarks. Manufacturers of apparatus must provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for activating the secondary audio stream, such as a button or icon. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Childrens Television Programming. This material may be the subject of possible Commission enforcement action if it is broadcast within the same time period applicable to indecent programming: between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. How to File an Obscenity, Indecency, or Profanity Complaint. During the 1940's and 1950's, who was the head lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund? (Licensees were formerly required to file an EEO mid-term report -- FCC Form 397 -- at the mid-point of the license term, but that requirement was eliminated in 2019. We also prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. We license only individual broadcast stations. The First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech similarly protects programming that stereotypes or may otherwise offend people with regard to their religion, race, national background, gender, or other characteristics. IntroductionThe FCC And Its Regulatory Authority declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination rather than state of discrimination. We urge you to make use of the resources contained on this site, which may outline more recent developments in the law not discussed in the current version of this Manual. Lotteries conducted as a promotional activity by commercial organizations that are clearly occasional and ancillary to the primary business of that organization, as long as the lotteries are authorized or not otherwise prohibited by the state in which they are conducted. Audio description is provided through the TV or set-top box secondary audio feature, which some TV controls identify as SAP or secondary audio program. Your TV user manual may provide information about activating the secondary audio feature. (Further data on podcasting is available in a separate fact sheet. No more than 5 members of the Board appointed by the President may be members of the same political party. Regardless of whether it is effective, the broadcast of subliminal material is inconsistent with a station's obligation to serve the public interest because it is designed to be deceptive. In the Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation (CALM) Act, Congress directed the FCC to establish rules that require broadcasters and pay TV providers ensure the commercials they transmit to viewers comply with an industry-developed technical standard, the Advanced Television Systems Committees A/85 Recommended Practice. Although, for the reasons discussed earlier, the Commission is generally prohibited from regulating broadcast content, the courts have held that the FCCs regulation of obscene and indecent programming is constitutional because of societys interest in protecting children from potentially harmful programming and supporting parents ability to determine the programming their children will be exposed to at home. Broadcast Journalism PRX was down 10%, falling to about $37.6 million in total revenue for 2020. However, these acknowledgements may not interrupt the station's regular programming. This assistance entails providing specific details about proper corrective measures to resolve the blanketing interference. Educational and Informational. Which federal agency regulates broadcast media in the United States . (In this context, the word "radio" covers both broadcast radio and television.) the National Public Radio (NPR) Public broadcasting in the United States Certain digital devices must make built-in functions that are used to receive, play back, or display programs accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. Therefore, the FCC cannot prevent the broadcast of any particular point of view. Public broadcasting is defined as a meeting place where all citizens are welcome and considered equals. If you have any concerns about a local station including its general operation, programming or other matters make your opinion known to the licensee and, if necessary, advise us of your concerns so we can look into the matter. The city is proud of (it's, its) Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program. Libertarianism is a political ideology that emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government. [1], Individual stations and programs rely on highly varied proportions of funding. The traditional news media aim to provide objective reporting on current events by excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage. For additional information concerning this requirement, see https://www.fcc.gov/television-and-set-top-box-controls-menus-program-guides. There is a very plausible argument that public service broadcasting (PSB), as an idea and a set of institutions, was one of the singular, great creations of the 20th century. The amount of cash in the petty cash fund is now $294\$294$294. We recommend that you contact the equipment manufacturer or the store where you purchased the equipment to attempt to resolve the interference problem. The total number of individual members defined as anyone who has given money to one of the stations owned by these 123 licensees in each calendar year in 2019 was 2.4 million, about the same as the previous year. Comments to Station or Networks In addition, NCE stations may receive contributions from for-profit entities and are permitted to acknowledge these contributions or underwriting donations with announcements naming and generally describing the contributing party or donor. Equal Employment Opportunity File The Commission has defined this program matter to include language that is both so grossly offensive to members of the public who actually hear it as to amount to a nuisance and is sexual or excretory in nature or derived from such terms. Broadcasters and pay TV providers that demonstrate a pattern or trend of failing to comply can be subject to Commission enforcement action. However, religious stations are permitted to require that some or all of their employees meet a religious qualification. Not until State v. This network which replaced the Ford Foundation-backed National Educational Radio Network is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with public radio as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations. Online Political Files Blanketing interference is a less common occurrence with television stations than with radio stations due to the location and height of TV transmitting antennas. Among the 123 news-oriented licensees studied here, individual giving and underwriting accounted for a combined $657.4 million in revenue in 2019. Accessible User InterfacesBusiness Practices and Advertising As with renewal applications, you can also file an informal objection to these types of applications, or any other application, at any time before we either grant or deny the application. When racial segregation in schools is the result of hundreds of thousands of housing choices made by individuals and families rather than the result of law, it is referred to as delayed desegregation efforts by authorizing school districts to place each pupil in a school according to a variety of academic, personal, and psychological considerations. Of the 354 PBS members currently operating as of 2017[update] (which account for 97% of the 365 public television stations in the U.S.), roughly half belong to one of 40 state or regional networks, which carry programming fed by a parent station to a network of satellite transmitters throughout the entirety or a sub-region of an individual state; this model is also used by some public radio station groups (mainly those co-owned with a PBS member network). American public broadcasting is not a unified structure, but an ad hoc assemblage of stations united both by the fluctuating patronage of the institutions that . More information about the Commissions childrens television requirements can be viewed at https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/childrens-educational-television, and https://www.fcc.gov/media/television/childrens-educational-television-reporting-form-2100-schedule-h. Station-Conducted Contests. A program is considered specifically designed to serve the educational and information needs of children if: it is aired between the hours of 6 a.m. and 10 p.m.; it is a regularly scheduled weekly program, except that a licensee may air a limited amount of programming that is not regularly scheduled on a weekly basis, including educational specials and regularly scheduled non-weekly programming, and have that programming count as Core Programming, as described in the Core Programming guidelines. At the local public radio level, an analysis of the public filings provided by 123 of the largest news-oriented licensees (organizations that operate local public radio stations) shows that in 2019 the last year for which reliable data is available total revenue for this group was $989.7 million. Cable Television - Where to File Complaints Regarding Cable Service, Online Public Inspection File Access and Information, Public, Educational, and Governmental Access Channels ("PEG Channels"), Television Broadcast Stations on Satellite, Video Competition and Price Survey Reports. Station Identification Critical details could include, among other things, specific information regarding the areas that will be affected by the emergency, evacuation orders, detailed descriptions of areas to be evacuated, specific evacuation routes, approved shelters or te way to take shelter in ones home, instructions on how to secure personal property, road closures, and how to obtain relief assistance. PBS operates three such networks: PBS Kids, a network featuring children's programs aired on the main PBS feed's daytime schedule; PBS HD Channel, a dedicated feed consisting of high-definition content; and the PBS Satellite Service, a full-time alternate feed of programming selected from the main PBS service, which is also carried on some member stations as an overnight programming feed. Public Participation in the Licensing Process Our role in overseeing program content is very limited. The purpose of this Manual is to provide you with the basic tools necessary to ensure that the stations that are licensed to serve you meet their obligations and provide high quality broadcast service. ch 7 PSC book Flashcards | Quizlet If the licensee does not satisfactorily resolve the problem, you can mail or email a complaint to the Commission as follows: Your complaint should include: 1) your name, address, and phone number; 2) the call letters of each station involved; 3) each location at which the interference occurs; and 4) each specific device receiving the interference. It was foreseeable that broadcasting the false information would cause such harm. The practice of training reporters to produce a standardized, seemingly neutral news product was the result of the newspaper industry's realization that the best way to make a profit was to not alienate potential readers who held liberal or conservative political views. 833683368336 is issued to replenish the fund, based on the following summary of petty cash receipts: office supplies, $295\$295$295; miscellaneous selling expense, $120\$120$120; miscellaneous administrative expense, $75\$75$75. Closed Captioning As discussed in more detail further in this Manual, each commercial station and most noncommercial stations must provide the public with information about how it has met its obligation in a quarterly report. News media in the United States - Wikipedia Phone: (202) 418-1600 The Media Bureaus database will also indicate the date the application appeared on Public Notice. By public service broadcasting, I mean a system that is nonprofit and noncommercial, supported by public funds, ultimately accountable in some legally defined way to the citizenry, aimed at providing a service to the entire population, and one which does not apply commercial principles as the primary means to determine its programming. The FCC was vested with broader regulatory authority that included all radiotelephone activity, including the newly developing broadcast media FM radio and television, and added interstate telegraph and telephone communication (which had previously been under the control of the Interstate Commerce Commission) and wire and wireless common carrier public broadcasting in the united states quizlet Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; Public Radio International (PRI); American Public Media (APM); Public Radio Exchange (PRX); and Pacifica Radio, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System (PRSS).
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