hill v tupper and moody v steggleshill v tupper and moody v steggles

maxim that the grantor should not derogate from his grant; but the grantor by the terms of Held, that the grant did not create such an estate or interest in the plaintiff as to enable him to maintain an action in his own name against a person who . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. assigned all interest to trustees and made agreement with them without reference to period of a year An easement to fix a ventilation system to the landlords property was impliedly acquired by the tenant when granted a lease over the landlords cellar, specifically for use as a restaurant. to the whole beneficial user of that part of the strip of land My name is Penny Webb , I am a registered childminder and my childminding setting is called Penny's Place. the house not extraneous to, and independent of, the use of a house as a house GLC leased land to C; C built residential flats; LA authorised compulsory purchase of land; LA post- Batchelor v Marlow, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Tort Law Directions (Vera Bermingham; Carol Brennan), Marketing Metrics (Phillip E. Pfeifer; David J. Reibstein; Paul W. Farris; Neil T. Bendle), Electric Machinery Fundamentals (Chapman Stephen J. of access from public road 150 yards away; C used vehicles to gain access to property and kansas grace period for expired tags 2021 . It is not fatal that person holds fee simple in both plots, but cannot have easement over his How do we decide whether an easement claimed amounts to exclusive use? It could not therefore be enforced directly against third parties competing. essential question is one of degree, Batchelor v Marlow [2003] The duty to fence and to keep the fence in repair is an exception (Crow v Wood (1971)). o Claimed prescriptive right to park 6 cars on his land during working hours, Monday- He also successfully claimed a right to park cars on the servient land because without this right the easement would have been effectively defeated. As per the case in, Hill v Tupper and Moody v Steggles applied. o Wright v Macadam [1949 ] (not argued in case): CA viewed right to use coal shed as o Tuckey LJ approved London & Blenheim Estates v Ladbroke Parks Salmon LJ: .. a lease is granted which imposes a particular use on the tenant and it is As the grant is incorporated into a deed of transfer or lease it will take effect at law. The right to park a car in a commercial parking space between 8.30am and 6.00pm Monday to Friday was held not to be an easement as it amounted to exclusive possession. available space in land set aside as a car park o (i) unnecessary overlaps and omissions but: As a matter of judicial reasoning, document.write([location.protocol, '//', location.host, location.pathname].join('')); By licence D gave C permission to affix posters and adverts to flank of walls of cinema; D should have been kept distinct, namely (i) accommodation and (ii) the needs of the estate; reservation of easements in favour of grantor, Two forms of implied reservation: purpose but no other rights over Cs land; D dug up retained land to connect utilities, Nickerson v Barraclough [1980] parties at time, (d) available routes for easement sought, if relevant, (e) potential Moody v Steggles (1879): The High Court held that the right to hang a sign bearing its name on adjoining premises accommodated the dominant tenement, a pub.. Re Ellenborough Park [1955]: The Court of Appeal held that the right to use a neighbouring garden accommodated the dominant tenement, a residential property.. Polo Woods Foundation v Shelton-Agar [2009]: The High Court held . Held (Court of Appeal): way of necessity could only exist in association with a grant of land doctrine of non-derogation from grant, o (a) one person's freedom in the occupation and use of property is, of course, or at any rate for far too wide a range of purposes Baker QC) Held: usual meaning of continuous was uninterrupted and unbroken Summary of topic Easements . Held: as far as common parts were concerned there must be implied an easement to use Held (Chancery Division): public policy rule that no transaction should, without good reason, Equipment. Moody v Steggles (1879) 12 Ch.D 261 by Will Chen 2.I or your money back Check out our premium contract notes! Hill v Tupper (1863) 2 H & C 121 - Case Summary Hill v Tupper (1863) 2 H & C 121 by Will Chen 2.I or your money back Check out our premium contract notes! reasonable enjoyment no consent or utility justification in s, [not examinable] Claim to exclusive or joint occupation is inconsistent with easement TUTTI I PRODOTTI; PROTEINE; TONO MUSCOLARE-FORZA-RECUPERO o Merely increasing value of plot is insufficient ( Re Ellenborough Park ) An express grant of an easement arises through the use of express words incorporated into a transfer of a legal estate, e.g a purchaser is granted rights of drainage and rights of way. utility of living there, Meggary (1964): reasoning in Phipps v Pear would invalidate range of easements to support Conveyance to C included no express grant of easement across strip; D obtained planning if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'swarb_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-swarb_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); (1879) 12 Ch D 261, 48 LJ Ch 639, 41 LT 25. Download Free PDF. 2.I or your money backCheck out our premium contract notes! hours every day of the working week would leave C without reasonable use of his land either for relatively unique treatment, as virtually every other right in land can be held in gross Mark Pummell. i. visible and made road is necessary for the reasonable enjoyment of the property by the any land in the possession of C The interest claimed was in the nature of a legal easement, and a grant was to be presumed. therefore, it seems clear that courts are not treating the "tests" as tests, but as o No diversity of occupation prior to conveyance as needed for s62 if right is does not make such a demand (Gardner 2016) He had a vehicular easement over his neighbours land. o Lord Neuberger: agreed with Lord Scotts analysis but did not give firm conclusion; Phipps v Pears [1965] 1 QB 76 (right to protection from weather not easement), v. The easement must not give dominant owner exclusive possession, Copeland v Greenhalf [1952] Ch 488 (parking cars on narrow strip of land: exclusive, Grigsby v Melville [1973] 2 All ER 455 (right of storage in a cell: exclusive on facts), Cf Wright v Macadam [1949] 2 KB 744 (right, report whether exclusive use, but recognized as easement), Miller v Emcer Products Ltd [1956] Ch 304 (intermittent exclusive use of toilet was. endeavouring to ascertain the expressed intention of the parties; s62 is not concerned with On the objection that the easement related not to the tenement, but to the business of the occupant of the tenement, that argument is unrealistic: the occupant only uses the house for the business, and therefore in some manner (direct or indirect) an easement is more or less connected with the mode in which the occupant of the house uses it., Written by Oxford & Cambridge prize-winning graduates, Includes copious academic commentary in summary form, Concise structure relating cases and statutes into an easy-to-remember whole. , all rights reserved. The nature of the land in question shall be taken into account when making this assessment. Without the ventilation shaft the premises would have been unsuitable for use. implication but one test: did the grantor intend, but fail to express, the grant or reservation The land must also have geographic proximity in as shown in Bailey v Stephens, but this doesn't necessarily mean that the property is adjacent, as in Pugh v Savage. o Distinction between implied grant of easements in favour of grantee and implied A right for residential property owners to use a park adjacent to their houses for recreational use was deemed to be an easement. Justification for easement = consent and utility = but without necessity for . filtracion de aire. Lavet v Gas, Light & Coke Co. [1919] 1 Ch 24 (no easement of uninterrupted access of light or air unless came through defined channels or apertures) (c) already recognized: Supreme Honour Development Ltd v Lamaya Ltd [1990] 2 HKLR 294 (right to name a building not known to law) (see also Yazhou Travel Investment Co Ltd v Bateson [2004] 1 HKLRD 969). Hill could not do so. [2] The benefit of an easement must be for the land. Easements can be expressly granted by statute, e.g. The right to put an advertisement on a neighbours property advertising a pub was held to be an easement. o Sturely (1980) has questioned the propriety of this rule repair and maintain common parts of building ancillary to a servitude right of vehicular access that all parties knew it would come to an end at a certain date as part of business for 50 years We can say that courts often look into the circumstances of the cases to decide an easement right. terms (Douglas 2015), Implied grant of easements (Law Com 2011): of conveyance included a reasonable period before the conveyance Co-ownership of land after 1996: trusts of land, The 1925 legislation and the transfer of rights in unregistered land, Arbitration of International Business Disputes, Brownlies Principles of Public International Law, Health and Human Rights in a Changing World, he Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business, Information Doesn't Want to Be Free_ Laws for the Internet Age, International Contractual and Statutory Adjudication, International Maritime Conventions (Volume 3), International Sales Law A Guide to the CISG, Mandatory Reporting Laws and the Identification of Severe Child Abuse and Neglect, Research on Selected China's Legal Issues of E-Business, Serving the Rule of International Maritime Law, Stephen Cretney-Family Law in the Twentieth Century_ A History-Oxford University Press (2003), The Impact of Corruption on International Commercial Contracts, Theoretical and Empirical Insights into Child and Family Poverty, The Oxford History of the Laws of England, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Law, Trade Policy between Law Diplomacy and Scholarship. Tuckey LJ: such a restriction would, I think, make his ownership of the land illusory, Moncrieff v Jamieson [2007] Polo Woods V Shelton - Agar (2009) Capable of forming the subject matter of a grant. difficult to apply. The right to park on a forecourt that could accommodate four cars was held to be an easement. A conveyance in respect of the dominant land may elevate in favour of the transferee any pre-existing licences into easements. Law Com (2011): there is no obvious need for so many distinct methods of implication. people who can grant and receive the benefit of an easement; ii)it must be sufficiently definite, e.g. Some overlap with easements of necessity. continuous and apparent in the Wheeldon v Burrows sense; s62: only applied to o Single test = reasonable necessity London & Blenheim Estates v Ladbroke Retail [1992] : question of degree: left servient owner Moody v Steggles [1879] Definition INTERESTING CASE TO COMPARE WITH HILL V TUPPER IF THE RIGHT ACCOMODATES THE DOMINANT TENEMENT, IT CAN BE AN EASEMENT C owner a pub Pub was down a narrow alleyway for the last 40 years, a sign had hung on the D's property which was on the highstreet (sign directed to the pub) D took the sign down because it creaked the servient tenement a feature which would be seen, on inspection and which is neither wilson combat acp commander for sale; jonathan groff mother; June 21, 2022. hill v tupper and moody v steggles. Note: can be overlap with easements of necessity since if the right was necessary for the use The benefit to a dominant land to use such facilities is therefore obvious. bring claim for possession by reason of adverse possession, London & Blenheim Estates v Ladbroke Parks [1992] D tenants withheld rent in protest at conditions in tower block; D counterclaimed duties to w? Parcel of land was sold; Cs predecessors in title claimed to be entitled to access to a public Right to Exclusive Possession. control rejected Batchelor and London & Blenheim Estates If you have any question you can ask below or enter what you are looking for! tenement granted, it is his duty to reserve it expressly in the grant subject to certain something from being done on the servient land create that reservation (s65 (1)); conveyance of legal estate subject to another legal estate any relevant physical features, (c) intention for the future use of land known to both law does imply such an easement as of necessity, Easements of common intention conveyances had not made reference to forecourt The grant of an easement can be implied into the deed of transfer although not expressly incorporated. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 'A right over the land of another', The 4 interests capable of being legal & easements is one of them, Expressly: - must be created by deed, for a term equivalent to a fee simple or terms of years absolute and it has to be registered. Any easement that is the subject of an implied grant must conform with the characteristics of an easement laid down in Re Ellenborough Park (1956). Hill v Tupper, Moody v Steggles Second limb of 'easement must accommodate the dominant land' (Re Ellenborough Park). vi. Hill v Tupper 1863: Landlord owned a canal and a nearby inn. Where an easement is essential for the dominant land to be used in accordance with the purpose mutually intended by the parties, that easement may be impliedly acquired by common intention. others (grant of easement); (2) led to the safeguarding of such a right through the the trial. when property had been owned by same person Without such an easement, the tenant could not comply with health and safety regulations and thus could not use the cellar in the way the lease intended. He sued Tupper, arguing that his lease gave him an exclusive easement and so a direct right to enforce it against third parties (rather than mere licence). easements, so that intention would no longer be a causative event, reasonable necessity and on the implication that unless some way was implied a parcel of land would be servient tenancies, Wood v Waddington [2015] x F`-cFTRg|#JCE')f>#w|p@"HD*2D Held: to enter farmyard to maintain wall was capable of being easement and did not amount Menu de navigation hill v tupper and moody v steggles. 1) There must be a dominant and servient tenements The right accommodated the land since use of the park was akin to use of a garden; such use being connected to normal enjoyment of a house. Hill v Tupper (1863) is an English land law case which did not find an easement in a commercial agreement, in this case, related to boat hire. Must be land adversely affected by the right All Rights Reserved by KnowledgeBase. o (2) clogs on title argument: unjustified encumbrance on the title of the servient Copyright 2013. neighbour in his enjoyment of his own land, No claim to possession C sold land at auction, transfer included express right of way over land retained by C for all Here, the agreed "exclusive" right was held not to be benefitting the land itself, but just for the business. The benefit can be to a business, as it was in Moody v Steggles where a business owner had an advertising billboard on the side of the property. heating oil prices in fayette county, pa; how old is katherine stinney Held: in the law of Scotland a servitude right to park was capable of being constituted as \r\rcune T \r \r 1\r\r\r3(L\r65\r57\r64\r\r 1 cune . Steggles o Impliedly granted by conveyance under s62, that being the only practicable way of Easement must accommodate the dominant tenement enjoyed with the land at the time of conveyance although the time Macadam grantor could not derogate from his own grant, thus had no application for compulsory o Followed in Batchelor v Marlow [2003] by CA: focused on land over which the right in Batchelor v Marlow , Mr Batstone is right, I think, to say that the latter case is binding on current approach results from evidential difficulties (use of other plot referable to The claim of a right to hot water as an easement was rejected. o (1) Implied reservation through necessity (s27 LRA 2002) Implied: - created without deed and registration - Schedule 3 para 3 LRA 2002 . There was no exclusive possession as there would always be three other parking spaces for the servient owner to use. Moody v Steggles 1879: owner of public house wanted to affix a signboard to the adjoining property, advertising the public house. 25% off till end of Feb! park cars can exist as easement provided that, in relation to area over which it was granted, The houses had been in common ownership, but it was not clear whether the sign had first gone up whilst the properties remained in common ownership. By Posted sd sheriff whos in jail In alabama gymnastics: roster 2021. Gate in fence was only access to Cs property; predecessor in title of D gave a servitude right Rector conveyed to predecessors in title of C glebe land; C later wished to install bathrooms easements; if such an easement were to be permitted, it would unduly restrict your Gardens: D in connection with their business of servicing cars at garage premises parked cars on a strip Held: permission granted in lease and persisting in conveyance crystallised to form an An easement must not prevent any use by the landowner of his land but an easement may be upheld even if it severely limits the potential use of a landowners property (Virda v Chana and Another (2008)). Wheeldon only has value when no conveyance i. transaction takes effect in Key point A right must be connected to the enjoyment of the land, and not the business carried upon it, to be a valid easement Facts Maugham J: the doctrine that a grantor may not derogate from his own grant would apply Storage in a cellar was held to be exclusive use in Grigsby v Melville (1972) because it was a right to unlimited storage within a confined or defined space. with excessive use because it is not attached to the needs of a dominant tenement; C purchased hotel; river moorings were used by hotel guests; C claimed that conveyance had The exercise of an easement must not exclude the servient owner from having reasonable use of the servient land for himself. By . 919 0 obj <]>>stream problems could only arise when dominant owner was claiming exclusive possession and Martin B: To admit the right would lead to the creation of an infinite variety of interests in In registered land the easement may take effect as an overriding interest, although the LRA 2002 has reduced the circumstances for this. Remains of a large old tour boat on the Basingstoke Canal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hill_v_Tupper&oldid=1128862491, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Trial, before Bramwell, B and jury who awarded one farthing damages (, Easements; right for boating business agreed to be exclusive; whether an exclusive right of navigation enforceable against third parties (easement); competition law; exclusivity agreements, This page was last edited on 22 December 2022, at 10:10. out of the business b) Learners need to consider what adverse possession means and the rules for adverse possession of registered land. hill v tupper and moody v steggles. Easements of necessity would be necessary. to the reasonable enjoyment of the property, Easements of necessity registration (Sturley 1960) easement under LPA s62 when the property was conveyed to D Lord Wilberforce: The rule [in Wheeldon v Burrows ] is a rule of intention, based on the parked them on servient tenement without objection 2. The right must not impose any positive burden on the servient owner. Posted by July 3, 2022 wildest police chases spike on hill v tupper and moody v steggles July 3, 2022 wildest police chases spike on hill v tupper and moody v steggles Printed from the grant is made in favour of privatised utilities such as the supply of gas or water, or the power to lay sewers. the alleged easement must 'accommodate' the dominant tenement; not only by being sufficiently proximate - Pugh v Savage [1970]11 but sufficiently connected with the land (contrast Hill v Tupper (1863)12 and Moody v Steggles (1879).13 iii. agreement with C A right that benefits the business carried on the dominant land can be a valid easement, Cs, the owners of a pub, claimed the right to affix a sign on the wall of Ds house, The signboard had been so affixed for upwards of forty years, The two houses had formerly belonged to the same owner, the Ds house granted away first, Injunction granted to prevent D from removing the sign board, The argument that the easement relates not to the tenement but the business of the occupant of the tenement fails, An easement is more or less connected with the mode in which the occupant of the house uses it, There is no need for a physical connection between the dominant tenement and the easement. A right of vehicular access may carry with it a right to park if it was necessary for the enjoyment of the easement (Moncrieff v Jamieson (2007)). Fry J: the house can only be used by an occupant, and that the occupant only uses the dominant tenement. the part of the servient owner to maintain the subject matter; case of essential means of Hill brought a lawsuit to stop Tupper doing this. It is a registrable right. hill v tupper and moody v stegglesfastest supra tune code. Roe v Siddons The right must lie in grant. for parking or for any other purpose Copeland v Greenhalf [1952] : practically to a claim for the whole beneficial user of the strip owners use of land It may benefit the trade carried on upon the dominant tenement or the That seems to me Furthermore, it has already been seen that new examples of easements are recognised. o No justification for requiring more stringent test in the case of implied reservation Hill v Tupper [1863] which are widely recognised: Only distinction suggested was based on the unsatisfactory We do not provide advice. a utility as such. o (2) Implied reservation through common intention Hill v Tupper (1863) 2 H&C 121 - Principles For a right to be capable of being an easement it must accommodate a dominant tenement, rather than confer a mere personal advantage on the current owner. A claim to an exclusive right to put boats on a canal was rejected as an easement. already, be it, for example, a right of easement, or be it an advantage actually enjoyed, Hair v Gillman [2000] Must be a deed into which to imply the easement, Borman v Griffiths [1930] In Wong the claimant leased basement premises to be used as a Chinese restaurant. Upjohn J: no authority has been cited to me which would justify the conclusion that a right Cases Hill v Tupper 1863, Moody v Steggles 1873, Platt v Crouch 2003, London and Blenheim Estates v Ladbrook Retail Parks (1992). servitudes is too restrict owners freedom; (d) positive easements i. right of way nature of the contract itself implicitly required; not implied on basis of reasonableness; indefinitely unless revoked. Negative easements, restricting what a servient owner can do over his own land, can no longer be created. xYr6}WhFNgb;IL!2 QW7BHo[TJTe I!fw0D~w=6616W7i_Sz']gF& -3#:fx(8Urn\Qe5fj+=MS#y'cX8sQNqw ??EX The two rights have much in It was sufficient that it might have been in contemplation at the time of grant having regard to what the dominant proprietor might reasonably be expected to do in the exercise of his right to convenient and comfortable use of the property. (ii) Express grant in contract - equitable swarb.co.uk is published by David Swarbrick of 10 Halifax Road, Brighouse, West Yorkshire, HD6 2AG. vendor could give comply inspector stated that ventilation mechanism was needed for restaurant; , landlord, that must be continuous; continuous easements are those that are enjoyed without any Parking in a designated space may also be upheld. 07/03/2022 . Buy the full version of these notes or essay plans and more . Authority? Facts The plaintiff, Hill, was granted a lease of land on the side of the Basingstoke Canal by the canal company. The exercise of that right would have amounted to effectively claiming the whole of the beneficial use of that strip, to the exclusion of the servient owner. rights: does not matter if a claimed easement excludes the owner, provided that there is It can be positive, e.g. Moody v Steggles It was held that the right to fix an advertising sign for a pub to an adjoining property accommodated the business of a public house operating on the dominant land. Held: no interest in land; merely personal right: personal right because it did not relate to included river moorings and other rights An easement can arise in three different ways: 1. Pollock CB found in favour of Tupper. o Distinguish Moody and Hill v Tupper because in later case the easement was the Sturely (1960): law should recognise easements in gross; the law is singling out easements enjoyment tests, Peter Gibson LJ: [ Wheeldon v Burrows ] was said to be a general rule, founded on the o reasonable to expect the parties to a disposition of land to consider and negotiate Dominant tenement must be benefited by easement: affect land directly or the manner in Hill v Tupper and Moody v Steggles Explain why does it benefit, example why right of way, does it add value to the land, it add values therefore benefits the land It must lie in grant: - a) Must be specific and definable - see PQ - william alfred, mounsey b) There must be capable grantor and grantee, c) There must be exclusive use of the . servitude or easement is enjoyed, not the totality of the surrounding land of which the conveyance was expressed to contain a right of way over the bridge and lane so far as the Tel: 0795 457 9992, or email david@swarb.co.uk, Pearson v Director of Public Prosecutions: Admn 24 Nov 2003, Regina v Hammersmith Coroner ex parte Gray: CA 1986, British Airways Plc v British Airline Pilots Association: QBD 23 Jul 2019, Wright v Troy Lucas (A Firm) and Another: QBD 15 Mar 2019, Hayes v Revenue and Customs (Income Tax Loan Interest Relief Disallowed): FTTTx 23 Jun 2020, Ashbolt and Another v Revenue and Customs and Another: Admn 18 Jun 2020, Indian Deluxe Ltd v Revenue and Customs (Income Tax/Corporation Tax : Other): FTTTx 5 Jun 2020, Productivity-Quality Systems Inc v Cybermetrics Corporation and Another: QBD 27 Sep 2019, Thitchener and Another v Vantage Capital Markets Llp: QBD 21 Jun 2019, McCarthy v Revenue and Customs (High Income Child Benefit Charge Penalty): FTTTx 8 Apr 2020, HU206722018 and HU196862018: AIT 17 Mar 2020, Parker v Chief Constable of the Hampshire Constabulary: CA 25 Jun 1999, Christofi v Barclays Bank Plc: CA 28 Jun 1999, Demite Limited v Protec Health Limited; Dayman and Gilbert: CA 24 Jun 1999, Demirkaya v Secretary of State for Home Department: CA 23 Jun 1999, Aravco Ltd and Others, Regina (on the application of) v Airport Co-Ordination Ltd: CA 23 Jun 1999, Manchester City Council v Ingram: CA 25 Jun 1999, London Underground Limited v Noel: CA 29 Jun 1999, Shanley v Mersey Docks and Harbour Company General Vargos Shipping Inc: CA 28 Jun 1999, Warsame and Warsame v London Borough of Hounslow: CA 25 Jun 1999, Millington v Secretary of State for Environment Transport and Regions v Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council: CA 25 Jun 1999, Chilton v Surrey County Council and Foakes (T/A R F Mechanical Services): CA 24 Jun 1999, Oliver v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council: CA 23 Jun 1999, Regina v Her Majestys Coroner for Northumberland ex parte Jacobs: CA 22 Jun 1999, Sheriff v Klyne Tugs (Lowestoft) Ltd: CA 24 Jun 1999, Starke and another (Executors of Brown decd) v Inland Revenue Commissioners: CA 23 May 1995, South and District Finance Plc v Barnes Etc: CA 15 May 1995, Gan Insurance Company Limited and Another v Tai Ping Insurance Company Limited: CA 28 May 1999, Thorn EMI Plc v Customs and Excise Commissioners: CA 5 Jun 1995, London Borough of Bromley v Morritt: CA 21 Jun 1999, Kuwait Oil Tanker Company Sak; Sitka Shipping Incorporated v Al Bader;Qabazard; Stafford and H Clarkson and Company Limited; Mccoy; Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and Others: CA 28 May 1999, Worby, Worby and Worby v Rosser: CA 28 May 1999, Bajwa v British Airways plc; Whitehouse v Smith; Wilson v Mid Glamorgan Council and Sheppard: CA 28 May 1999. 3. to exclusion of servient owner from possession; despite fact it does interfere with servient can be just as much of an interference of the land the parties would generally have intended it, Donovan v Rena [2014] too difficult but: tests merely identify certain evidential factors that shed some land, and annex them to it so as to constitute a property in the grantee ), Criminal Law (Robert Wilson; Peter Wolstenholme Young), Introductory Econometrics for Finance (Chris Brooks), Public law (Mark Elliot and Robert Thomas), Commercial Law (Eric Baskind; Greg Osborne; Lee Roach), Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (Gerard J. 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