If the role of biochemistry can be understood, it can then be treated and managed But it is unethical to give drugs to humans to alleviate aggression as it could lead to social control This could be treated more ethically through diet and exercise which acts on neural mechanisms. This may have been the MAIN reason for aggression, as there was no other property worth fighting over as we evolved. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Brunner et al. Children may have known that the Bobo Doll was designed for punching and, therefore, more open to suggestion. Displaced Aggression [Dollard 1939] You cant kick the boss, so you kick the cat. Like Lornez, Dollard thought that getting aggressive cleared the mind of frustrations [a Catharsis], and life could then go on as normal. We can investigate the degree to which genes contribute to a trait or behaviour by calculating heritability estimates. Twin Studies Twin Studies, Heritability, and Intelligence Source Authors: Marcus W Feldman Stanford University Sarah Otto University of British Columbia - Vancouver Abstract Unraveling the. MALE MZ: 35%, MALE DZ: 13% FEMALE MZ: 21%. Violent films led to increased activity in those areas which deal with emotion, arousal, and attention not surprisingly but also in the areas used to store episodic memory. If boys with the MAOa gene suffered abuse in childhood, they were 3 times more likely to be aggressive when they reached adulthood. (2014) genetic analysis of nearly 900 offenders revealed abnormalities in two genes associated with a violent crime: Genes can also influence behaviour indirectly through one's environment. You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question. Conrad Lorenz believed that aggression was an innate adaptive response something which had evolved in humans and animals to help them survive. This may have been the MAIN reason for aggression, as there was no other property worth fighting over as we evolved. Some institutions deprive people of things they want, which reinforces the feelings of rejection from society, causing them to become more aggressive. What are biological explanations of offending behaviour? Gillingham, D. E. (2012). Get and keep a better share of resources. However, he found that our culture changes so quickly that cultural differences in signs can change more quickly than evolutionary patterns. Pp. Boston House, Giving the hormone testosterone to newborn female mice made them act like males with increased aggression when given testosterone as adults. One strength of the genetic explanation of offending behaviour is that it is based on scientific studies and supported by empirical evidence. E.g., Lack of self-control Delisi (2011); Impulsive, anti-social Wang & Diamond (2003). He found that if the model had a red underside, the stickleback would aggressively display and attack it, but no red meant no aggression. Tihonen et al. Deterministic: Evolutionary explanations may seem to suggest that aggression is natural, but Figuerdo [1995] suggests jealousy and domestic violence are context-specific, not inherent. Animal research also raises the issue of extrapolation. McCorkle (1995) In a study of 317 United States prisons, poor facilities, and overcrowding were found to influence levels of violence. Rather, they affect the production of hormones and neurotransmitters, which in turn affects aggression. 3. BMJ 2006;333 (7578):1095. Similarity: boys will copy boys, family links and groups, etc. Ethology is where we learn about human psychology from studying other animals. (1983). Psychologists have identified certain mechanisms which explain why we learn and copy behavior: So the films dont suddenly turn a person violent, but they might slowly cause the development of anti-social attitudes. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. (1993)unable to control their aggression? This led to a massive improvement in behavior in the 1990s. Miller. Research in Greece found that removing the amygdala reduced aggressive incidents by between 33% and 100%, although the sample was small 13 patients. This may also apply to other groups and institutions; The army / Extreme political groups, / Street gangs. We have learned that in a hotel restaurant, we sit down and wait to be served, but in a burger bar, we line up at the counter. It appeared to suggest that emotional areas of the cortex are to some extent switched off during the game, perhaps an adaptive mechanism that permits an animal to focus on survival. Therefore there must be some additional factor, such as a biological dimension, to explain why some people turn to violence or aggression when faced with problems and others dont. Hutchings, B. and S.A. Mednick. Giving testosterone to newborn female mice made them act like males with increased aggression when given testosterone as adults. Low levels of serotonin result in reduced self-control and increased aggression. 1965. Vicarious reinforcement : (i) Adult was rewarded, children were slightly more likely to copy; (ii) adult was punished, children were much less likely to copy. Weakness Publication bias There is a tendency for only statistically significant findings to be published, which is a particular problem for meta-analyses because they generally only include published studies This creates a false impression that the effects of violent media on aggression are greater than they actually are. We assume that our parents will feed us and our friends will be pleased to see us because that is what normally happens. This would be maladaptive bad for the species. Biological explanations of offending behaviour provide strong support for the nature side of the nature versus nurture debate.For example, research into families and twins, suggests that there is some genetic basis for behaviour, which has implications for our understanding of offending behaviour. This model brings together elements of Social learning and Cognitive Priming Theory and suggests that if we live in a violent environment such as a war zone, we will adapt to it; our thoughts, feelings, and actions will be based around violence, and that is how we will survive. Daley and Wilson (1988): Men may use jealousy and violence to control partners sexual behavior Violence is not intended to kill but may have that result. Frustration is any event or stimulus that prevents an individual from attaining a goal and its accompanying reinforcement quality (Dollard & Miller, 1939). Individuals with elevated testosterone levels exhibit signs of aggression but rarely commit aggressive acts, suggesting that social and cognitive factors play a mediating role (Higley et al., 1996). Those under 15 were excluded. Mallick and McCandles found that people were much less aggressive when given a reason for their frustration. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Its 100% free. Testosterone affects certain types of aggression in animals, such as intermale aggression as a defense response to intruders, while predatory aggression is not affected (Bermond et al., 1982). Methods: Asurvey among all 3,099 Danish twins ages 75 years and older identified in the Danish Twin Registry. Create and find flashcards in record time. [Like a red rag to a bull!]. This suggests that regardless of the changed environment, children seemed biologically predisposed to criminality. found that participants given a serotonin-enhancing drug gave fewer and less intense electric shocks to a confederate than people in a placebo group This gives evidence of a link between serotonin function and aggression that goes beyond correlational findings. Christiansen found higher concordance rates of criminal behaviour among monozygotic twin pairs compared to dizygotic twin pairs. Damage to the gene in mice raises aggression. Jealousy has evolved as a male response to the threat of infidelity. Google Scholar Vger D., Leon D.Ischaemic heart disease and low birth weight: a test of the fetal-origins hypothesis from the Swedish Twin Registry. Christiansen (1977) Aim: To see identical twins would both become criminal Procedure: He looked into the arrest records of over 3,500 twin pairs in Denmark and identified concordance rates of criminal behaviour of monozygotic (identical) twins and dizygotic (non-identical) twins (who share 100% and 50% of their genetic make-up respectively) When the amygdala is stimulated electrically, animals show aggressive behavior, and when its removed, they no longer show aggressive behavior. Punishing people will be considered unethical if they offend due to their biology. Neural Explanations of Offending Behaviour. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Supports deindividuation theory. However, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. So individuals with lower levels of cortisol are less inhibited, more inclined to take risks, and act impulsively (Raine, 2002). Monozygotic twins are not only identical when it comes to their genes, but also share a similar environment growing up. In the 1960s, social learning theory, seen as a challenge to behaviorists, suggested children learn things even without doing them through observational learning and modeling. Official websites use .gov This behavior can be (a) mainly active, expansive, or manipulating, or (b) mainly passive-asthenic. Crowe, R. 1975. New York:Gardner Press. Aggressive people with variants of this gene produce lower levels of the enzyme, causing certain neurotransmitters to remain longer in the synapse, causing brain dysfunction. THE BASIC SAMPLE ANALYZED IN THIS STUDY COMPRISES 3,586 TWIN PAIRS BORN IN THE EASTERN HALF OF DENMARK BETWEEN 1881 AND 1910, IN WHICH BOTH TWINS WERE ALIVE AT LEAST UNTIL THE AGE OF 15 YEARS. Research support for the role of serotonin Berman et al. There are several ways through which genes can impact our nurture: these include the passive, the reactive and the active way. Others compete in order to get what they want. Dolf Zillman suggested that if we survive the real-life danger, we feel good afterward [winners]. Research support for anonymity Zimbardo found that when asking females to elicit electric shocks to each other, more severe shocks were given in the deindividuated condition (participants wore hoods that hid their faces) than in the controlled condition (participants were introduced to each other and wore nametags) There is support for anonymity as a factor of de-individuation, causing aggression. The fearlessness Theory: Stress, caused by the hormone cortisol, may inhibit aggression through fear. Genetics are involved in causing neural vulnerabilities to violence and aggression. 35:269. Also, if the problem is unexpected, the individual is less likely to control their aggression. Huge implications for society -provides the key to understanding the causes of good and bad behavior. Issues in Criminology. Ballistic: Once it starts, it cannot simply be stopped. The Transmission of Schizophrenia. This, in turn, led the people who had been primed to act in a more aggressive manner. The Tihonen et al. Therefore de-individuation need not always lead to aggression, Postmes & Spears (1988): Deindividuated people are not necessarily aggressive Crowds may be happy and good-natured as at pop festivals. They may also have problems that cause problems with relationships. Results: found a concordance rate of 35% in MZ AND 13% in DZ. Al. Mullen (1986) studied lynch mobs. This argues against de-individuation and the faceless crowd. 2. At the time of the Zimbardo experiment, there were many prisons in the united states where conditions were extremely poor, violent, and overcrowded. For example, a twin study may find a 68% concordance between monozygotic twins, but if they are raised in the same home environment, then the chances are that they will be treated in a similar way by their parents/siblings and therefore the learning environment that they grow up in is likely to be a factor in their behaviour. Cosmides and Tooby, the Military Contract: Men will only fight if those who share the rewards also share the danger. Cohesive group; guards dont question orders, Schemas: Models which help us understand the world [Grebner 1994], Normative beliefs: social rules and explanations [Guerra Et. 127. Heredity & Environment: Are environmental factors a greater cause of aggression? (1984) investigated the heritability of offending behaviour using an adoption study design. Male and female mice with and without the gene were tested. E.g. The MAOA gene controls dopamine and serotonin and links to aggressive behaviour. Socially sensitive It suggests that aggression is somewhat excusable and out of the control of the individual committing the behavior This has important consequences within the legal system Brings into question the credibility of the theory and makes it imperative that such socially sensitive research is not released into the public domain. Bogaert et al. True or False: Grove (1990) found significant negative correlations between genetic influences and symptoms of antisocial behaviour in twins reared apart. This deprivation causes stress and frustration, which leads to an aggressive sub-culture. Low cortisol leads to Sensation seeking behavior, especially in males (Zuckerman, 2010). Fischer (2001) Segregating gang members inside prison so that they did not come into conflicts with other gangs led to a 50% reduction in assaults. Their aggressive attitudes become part of their nature. Price 16.20. That was only one experiment not the whole theory. This debate has been especially intense, and often emotional, in explaining criminal behavior (Sarbin, 1970)1. This matters because it is difficult to apply the results beyond the family in question, since the genetic make-up is unique to them. However, criminality is not always the same as aggression. Based on clear research in the lab and followed up by many studies into TV violence, video games, etc. Some of the most promising work involves the study of twins and adoptees. But 30 years ago parents, especially mothers, were blamed for their childrens autism. Ethics and Gender: Critics feel this theory could be used to justify violence against women. Bandura (1973) Frustration may lead to aggression if that has worked for someone in the past and they have internalized that way of dealing with problems. Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, vol 2. This is one of the few cases where research was actually carried out on humans. Le Bon 1896: People in groups become infected with a kind of group hysteria and act in ways they would not do on their own. It does not imply aggression will result. Research shows a relationship between low levels of serotonin and violent behaviors, suggesting that a lack of serotonin is linked to aggression (Linnoila & Virkunen, 1992). Deny own resources to children of rivals, To prevent other males from sharing the prime females. Contradictory evidence Bushman found that participants who vented their anger using a punch bag actually became more angry and aggressive, and doing nothing was actually more effective in reducing aggression The study casts doubt on the validity of the hypothesis: that aggression reduces arousal and one is then less likely to continue to be angry and aggressive and suggests that aggression may not be cathartic. Dabbs and Morris (1990) Blocked pathways to success study: When a rich boy with high testosterone came home from the army, he was less likely to get into trouble, but when a poor boy with high testosterone came home, he was more likely to get into trouble. The Limbic System (including the Hypothalamus and Amygdala) tends to act as an alarm system triggering an aggressive response to certain types of threats. Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Theory of Planned Behaviour Theory of Reasoned Action Tolerance and Withdrawal Syndrome Aggression Behaviour Modification Biological Explanations for Bullying Bullying Behaviour Cortisol Research Deindividuation How can genes affect behaviour indirectly? Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Christiansen et al (1977) 5 terms emma_reed1709 WJEC Criminology, Unit 2, Twin Studies - Biol 6 terms emily_plested Psychological Explanations: Eysenck's Theory 10 terms Images charlotte_scollon Sets found in the same folder Types of Aggression 2 terms jack_squires3 1. This suggests that there is an element of heritability to criminal behaviour. The participants had a rare genetic condition, which only affects males and manifests as an inability to control aggressive behaviours. However, it can be considered reductionist and deterministic.
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